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• The status of various entities is disputed. See the content for the entities concerned.

• The maps of former countries that are more or less continued by a present-day country or had a territory included in only one or two countries are included in the atlas of the present-day country. For example the Ottoman Empire can be found in the. • Romanization of Russian according to the standard: Rossiya - Rossiyskaya Federatsiya. Another used romanization is the standard.

• Romanization of Russian according to the standard: Moskva. Another used romanization is the standard.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Coat of arms [ ] The arms of the city display the in the act of defeating the Devil. Legend states that this victory took place near where the city stands, hence its name, and that Michael still stands watch over the city to prevent the Devil's return. History [ ] Early history [ ] knew the area around Arkhangelsk as. Told circa 890 of his travels in an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings.

This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. [ ] According to, Vikings led by raided this area in 1027.

In 1989, an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by local farm workers by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk. It was probably buried in the beginning of the 12th century, and contained articles that may have been up to two hundred years old at that time. Most of the findings comprised a total of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) of silver, largely in the form of coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas.

The majority of the coins were German, but the hoard also included a smaller number of, English,, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins. Advanced grammar in use with answers martin hewings pdf. It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from, the area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity.

Alternatively, like the Russian scientists [ ] who published the find in 1992, one may see it as evidence of a stronger case of Russian colonization than previously thought. Novgorodians arrive [ ] In the 12th century, the established the Archangel Michael Monastery (named after ) in the estuary of the. The main trade center of the area at that time was, located 75 kilometers (47 mi) southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) downstream from where the Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material to illuminate the early history of the town.